Like Father, Like Son - 1406 Words

Like Father, Like Son Man’s goal in life is not to do something incredible during his lifetime, but instead to leave something incredible behind for future generations to act and build on. In Cormac Mccarthy’s The Road, a man and his son struggle for survival in a post-apocalyptic era. The majority of this struggle revolves around the lack of food in the world and the boy’s constant fear of life itself. In order to combat these struggles, the man is forced to have all faith and must keep trekking forward to teach his son never to give up on life. Although throughout the novel, these constant challenges never seem to be conquerable, the man never seems to lose hope up until the moment that he dies. The boy who acts cowardly and frightened†¦show more content†¦Any vulnerability that is shown by him will be reflected negatively to the boy and thus would stick with him forever. The man is not necessarily trying to show the boy this pride and determination to make himself happy or even to excite the boy. The man is showing the boy this so that when the man eventually passes, the boy will be ready to take on the world by himself with having no fear and all faith in himself. The man explains to the boy, â€Å"just remember that the things you put into your head are there forever, he said. You might want to think about that. You forget some things, dont you? Yes. You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget (10). The man believes that what he continually tells his son about life will always stay there with him. The boy will always want to forget the loss of his father because it will make him sad, but he will never be able to forget the values that his father has taught him. The man will do anything in the world for his son. â€Å"Now you know. It may happen again. My job is to take care of you. I was appointed to do that by God. I will kill anyone who touches you. Do you understand?† (77). The man believes he is destin ed to do anything for his son; his son is his legacy and therefore his son is a part of him. This love between man and son goes so deep that the man is poised anything in theShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Like Father, Like Son888 Words   |  4 PagesLike Father, Like Son was a powerful drama showcasing the inner workings of Japanese families and the stark contrast between Japanese social classes. The film exposed the differences between a high income single child family with that of a low income multiple child family. These two families were forced to decide if they would attempt to reunite with their first born sons who were switched at birth. The director, Hirokazu Koreeda, was able to masterfully explore the aspects of Japanese families byRead MoreFrankenstein: Like Father Like Son Essay2250 Words   |  9 Pagesthey deem him a monster as well. One even goes so far as shooting the creature after the creature has just saved the life of this man’s child. Even though eve ryone deems the creature to be a monster we find through close examination that, â€Å"like father like son,† this monster is no more a monster than the one who creates him. When we compare the two we find that they are more alike than they realize. For example, we see that they are similar in the sense that they both start out with good intentionsRead MoreLike Father, Like Son : An Analysis On The Development And Complexities Of Kin Relations Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesLike Father, Like Son: An Analysis on the Development and Complexities of Kin Relations A sociological thought piece, Chris McKinney’s The Tattoo is bursting with toxic relationships. Amongst these, McKinney uses the strained kinship between Ken Hideyoshi and his father to partially explain how people fall into cycles of violent behaviour. To understand the richness of the text, violence will be characterised as the intentional or unintentional application of force, and/or power resulting in psychologicalRead More Like Father, Like Son: A Deeper Look into the Bush Legacy Essay3224 Words   |  13 PagesLike Father, Like Son: A Deeper Look into the Bush Legacy Although all individuals are unique no matter how closely related they might be, sometimes, their similarities over shadow their differences and yield a very interesting combination of events that almost have a deja vu effect on its audience. The Bush family serves as the perfect illustration for this phenomenon. From their family history and business life, to their lives as the Presidents of the United States of America, George HerbertRead MoreIkemefuna Relationship to Okonkwo Is Like a Father-Son Relationship Because He Really Didn’t Care About Anyone Else Like He Cared About Ikemefuna but He Really Didn’t Want to Act or Show Like Cared for Him Because It2037 Words   |  9 PagesIkemefuna relationship to Okonkwo is like a father-son relationship because he really didn’t care about anyone else like he cared about Ikemefuna but he really didn’t want to act or show like cared for him because it would make him seem soft or weak like he couldn’t be the man in charge. His thoughts of Okonkwo is that he took him under his wing like a father figure would do because he pleaded for his mother to let him come on the way but she was still very uneasy about him going on the journeysRead MoreBelgian Musician, Songwriter Paul Van Haver1373 Words   |  6 PagesBelgian musician, singer, songwriter Paul Van Haver, better known as his stage name Stromae, describes the altering effect of a father and son’s neglected relationship from the sons point of view in his music video â€Å"Papaoutai,† which translates to â€Å"papa where are you?† Stromae himself is featured in the music video as he plays the son’s lifeless like father, while his son continuously dances throughout the video expressing his emotions to him. He creates a dramatic tone in the video in order to appealRead MoreProdigal Son809 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginal story of the prodigal son is very touching but is written as all bible stories are wri tten and that is to put anyone to sleep. However, Garrison Keillors version of the prodigal son makes the same point and is fun to read. He brought it in to a more modern day setting but the same message is sent like the original story. The story of the prodigal son is that he wanted his father to give him everything that he would inherit when the father passed on. His father agreed and he left home withRead MoreTheme Of Father And Son Relationships In Night By Elie Wiesel1212 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major themes that can be found in Night, by Elie Wiesel, is one of father/son relationships. To quote a father from the book, Stein, â€Å"The only thing that keeps me alive is knowing that Reizel and the little ones are still alive.† Not all father/son relationships are as good however. Another part of the book reads, â€Å"I once saw. . . a boy of thirteen, beat his father for not making his bed properly. As the old man quietly wept, the boy was yelling, ‘If you don’t stop crying instantly, IRead MoreFamily Dynamics in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthe main character from the father figure within each story. Kafka and Schaffer bot h contrast similar ideas of rejection within a father and son relationship in Equus and The Metamorphosis, to imitate the way society policies its members through family disagreements. The family differences about religion in one novel, and the stress because of a major transformation which causes the parent to work in another, creates tension, and in turn results in rejection towards the son in the two books. ThroughoutRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Strongman by Tony Curtis and The Follower by Seamus Heaney1266 Words   |  6 Pages as Curtis’ father is mentioned as being a carpenter. Curtis included these to represent his fathers career. Imagery is used to demonstrate his fathers ‘chest like a barrel’, and ‘neck that was like holding onto a tree.’ Similes are also used to display these. The poem describes Curtis’ father as being an extremely physically strong man, who could ‘punch nails into wood with a clenched fist’. This is obviously not a realistic picture, but it is clear that Curtis admired his father in this aspect

The Medellin Drug Cartel Background - 1691 Words

The Medellin Drug Cartel BACKGROUND Drug cartels have grown and expanded throughout the interior and exterior of states for many years. The way drugs started to be introduced to Mexico, Colombia, and other places around the world was believed to be a myth. It was a tale that was known by many through storytelling, which over the years turned into an actual realistic issue. One of the most known cartels that existed for a long time was The Medellin Cartel. It became a subculture of its own, creating a world full of violence, women, money, firearms, death but most importantly power and fear. Located in Colombia this brutal subculture will show how they become one of the wealthiest subculture in the world surpassing even its own country’s riches. The beginning of the wealthiest subculture For many years in Medellin a civil war had occurred costing many lives between both sides of the parties concerning government and guerilla groups, later to become the Medellin Cartel (Fukuyama and Colby 2011). The war had begun and had been prolonged due to the weakness of Colombia’s national government who only commanded a small army and police all around Colombia (Fukuyama et al. 2011). It was by this that the beginning of The Medellin Cartel was able to start strong and continue a successful business. In the book Kings of Cocaine an Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money, and Corruption, authors Guy Gugliotta and Jeff Leen (Gugliotta and Leen 1989) name the founders of what canShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech969 Words   |  4 PagesColumbian Drug Cartel * Title: The Columbian Drug Cartel * General Purpose: To inform * Specific Purpose: To inform the audience on the major aspects of the Columbian Drug Cartel by focusing on the two larges Cartels in Columbia—Medellin Cartel and Cali Cartel. * Central Idea: By first focusing on the generalized synopsis of how the Columbian Drug Cartels function, I will then be able to give a more detailed account of the two larges Cartels from Columbia—Medellin Cartel and the CaliRead MoreThe Media Interpretation Of : Rise And Fall Of Pablo Escobar1849 Words   |  8 PagesHermilda Gaviria. Pablo showed his finesse for criminal activities in college itself, when he ran a successful practice of selling counterfeit college diplomas to students. He later entered the cocaine trade in the early 1970’s. He formed the Medellin Cartel with other established criminals, and started one of the most successful crime organizations in Colombia. He initially earned popularity with the public by sponsoring various charity projects throughout the Antioquia region, however later terrorRead MoreModern History of Colombia2228 Words   |  9 Pageswithout images of drug warlords, impoverished citizens, and corruption coming to mind. The hi story of Medellin, Colombia perfectly embodies this narrative. Once known as the â€Å"City of Everlasting Spring† due to its beautiful climate and landscape, Medellin was plunged into decades of terror in the 1980s when Pablo Escobar and the Medellin drug cartel rose to power. As Escobar led his campaign of violence and narco-trafficking, recruiting an army of adolescent assassins, Medellin became the most violentRead MorePablo Escobar Essays2925 Words   |  12 Pagesterror, drugs, money, and violence. He was a gangster and outlaw in the ranks of icons such as Al Capone, Bonnie and Clyde, and John Gotti. He can only be understood by looking at the man’s early life, his rise to ultimate power, and the absolute necessity of ending his reign of terror by any means. Pablo Escobar was born in 1949. His father was a peasant farmer and his mother was a school teacher. Pablo grew up in Envigado. Envigado was a suburb of the second largest city in Colombia, Medellin. Escobar’sRead MoreColombia Essay.1417 Words   |  6 PagesSouth America in the northwestern part of the continent. Colombia has a lot of natural resources, including beautiful beaches, dramatic mountains, and lush rain forests, but it is known for its political unrest and the violent influence of powerful drug cartels. Despite a long history of democratic government, Colombia has one of the most rigidly stratified class systems in Latin America. Colombia is the only country in South America with coasts on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Its neighborsRead MoreMexican Cartels1869 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the impact of Mexican drug cartels in the United States? Andres F Urueta Dr. Maugh LIB-495-GS001 December 5, 2014 Abstract This research paper examines the impact of Mexican drug cartels in the United States. Most Americans are not aware of how far reaching these cartels are in the United States. Their power has an influence in our government and communities. This project examines who the Mexican Drug cartels are, what their purpose is, where they have influences, and when did theyRead MoreDrug Cartels in Mexico2257 Words   |  10 PagesThe Mexican drug cartels have been a cancer that has grown through out Mexico. Influenced by Colombian cartels, such as the Pablo Escobar’s Medellin and the Cali Cartel. In 2008, over 5,600 people were killed in Mexico; many were torture/or beheaded (Hixson, 2009). It has stretched from the border town of Tijuana all the way to the beaches of Cancun. Many people have been robbed, tortured, kidnapped, injured, and murdered through out the domestic drug war that is going on in Mexico. Police officersRead MoreNotes On Delinquency Prevention Programs4174 Words   |à ‚  17 Pages(Sickmund and Puzzanchera, 2014). With the harrowing prospect of being a first time mother in front of them, these adolescent mothers sometimes turn to illegal activities to provide for their child. Some of these offenses include burglary, illicit drug trade and sales, identity theft, and sometimes, even prostitution. It is truly unfortunate that these adolescents turn to these lifestyles especially when there are a number of helpful resources that are provided to assist them. The problem is thatRead MoreThe Executive Cabinet Of Mexico3770 Words   |  16 PagesCommittee Background Committee Background This committee, The Executive Cabinet of Mexico, is appointed by the President of Mexico, Enrique Peà ±a Nieto. There are eighteen secretaries that each oversee various parts that are crucial to the smooth running of this country. There are many routes that can be taken, in regards to the topics for discussion in this committee; however, during the duration of the committee sessions, we will be focusing on drug trade and emigration as our two primary topicsRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs3748 Words   |  15 PagesThe term â€Å"War on drugs† was first announced when President Richard Nixon created a volume of programs intended to suppress the consumption of certain recreational drugs in 1972. It marked the beginning for the era of mandatory minimum sentencing, privatized prisons, racism, and constituency that profits as a result of the illegal drugs. The â€Å"Just Say No† and the D.A.R.E. campaign were created to help youths from starting to use drugs but they were not effective. Treatment programs have directed their

Economic Growth Obvious Reduction Poverty †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Economic Growth Obvious Reduction Poverty? Answer: Introduction Economic growth refers to an economic condition where income of the nations shows an upward rising trend. There are several short term benefits associated with increasing economic growth. With economic growth there is an obvious reduction in poverty. As recorded in World Bank report currently there are 1.4 billion who are below the revised poverty line ($1.25 per day). Poverty rate has fallen nearly 25% between 1981 and 2005 (globalissu.org 2017).China has accounted the most notable reduction in poverty. Other developing countries have also made progress in reducing poverty. The source of poverty reduction is the rapid growth of industrialization or manufacturing. This is putting pressure on worlds natural resource use. In the environment program in UN, International Resource Panel suggested that primary resource extraction has almost tripled in last 40 years (huffingtonpost.org 2017). This brings the issue of sustainability. Present paper focuses on sustainability in light of two ma jor issues of poverty reduction and resource use in context of one of the most progressing developing world, China. Poverty reduction Counter argument China has made remarkable improvement in its poverty statistics. Since 1981, poverty in China has declined from 85% to 15.9% bringing almost 600 millio0n people above the China. China alone is a significant contributor of worlds poverty reduction. Excluding China poverty world poverty fell only by 10% while including China the figure is 25% (globalissue.org 2017). In the poverty reduction, the contribution of manufacturing industries is remarkable. China is one of the largest manufacturing economies. The ability of the nation to deliver low cost material and labour has made the economy internationally competitive. China is successful in making a radical transformation from producer of a low quality cheap product to an advanced one. Manufacturing sector in China contributes to employment generation in China. Employment in manufacturing sector in China was recorded as 32.4 million in 2000 that has increased to become 52.4 million in n2014. Manufacturing employment more than doubled in between 2003 to 2014 (weforum.org 2017). The share of manufacturing in total employment rose from 15 percent to 20 percent. With a massive growth in manufacturing sector emission of harmful gases has also increased in China. The intensity of carbon din oxide emission from manufacturing process used in China has grown up. This leads to environment degradation. Refutation The manufacturing industries do not stand still and just let the things happen. Manufacturer in China have undertaken steps for reducing emission by employing advanced technology. The manufacturing industry now entered in the stage of strategic innovation (Ganiyusufoglu, .S. 2015). In 2006, China has developed a green manufacturing strategy in an attempt to achieve sustainability for manufacturing sector. In 2008, legal support has been extended to remanufacturing of parts of motor vehicle or machineries or tools used for construction. Special energy saving strategies has been taken for developing a eco friendly technology. Planning of green manufacturing in considered as one of the three major projects in science and technology in the field of manufacturing (Yuan 2016) Argument Though initiatives are taken to accomplish the goal of environmentally sustainable economic growth, conflict still remains between the goal of economic growth and sustainability. The question remains about sustainable pattern of development and target of poverty eradication. In China the population living below the poverty line are 122.38 million as recorded in 2011 (sciencedaily.com 2017). There is interrelation between poverty and environmental problems. China has just begun to progress in industrialization and hence operating in an early stage. In this stage adapting advanced technology for reducing emission of harmful gases increases cost of the industries because of a lack of scale economies Counter argument The economic boom in China is associated with destruction of land and other economic resources. With urbanization and industrialization in developing world there is transformation of land use from agricultural purpose to purpose of urbanization. Changes in urban land have been taking place in China. The transformation of land use is seen as an outcome of structural change and resulted economic growth. Development of urbanization and industrialization have possessed serious environmental problem. In the past 20 year more than 200 million people in China has moved from rural to urban areas accelerating the need for urbanization and hence creating pressure on limited land resources (diplomat.com 2013). China has a vast area of forest. However, growth and development strategies are putting threat on forest resource. Only 3.34% of total forest resource remains intact (unep.org 2017). Forests have been destroyed for bui9liding factories and making more areas available for urbanization. Rap id use of sea and water resources is another major concern for China. Two resulted problem from economic growth in China are water scarcity and water pollution. Shortage of water in urban areas in China is recorded as 60 billion cubic meter per year (Wang et al. 2014). Small industries in China area responsible for creating water pollution. Non degradable and toxic wastes generated from these industries mixes in water and pollute it. As a result of water pollution the availability of drinking water is reduced and water shortage has become a severe problem especially in northern and north western region of China. Refutation To resolve the imbalances in natural resources strategies are designed by the government. A legalize framework is designed with enforcement of Land Management Act (LMA). There are different administrative sections for looking after this matter. Attention is given on improving the quality of land. As land become more fertile it can be used more effectively for agricultural purpose. In order to protect forest resources and conserve it the major focus is on forestation by planting more trees. China has launched Natural Forest Protection Program with an aim to improve balance between environment and ecosystem. Proposed investment for this plan is 102.9 billion Yuan. The goal has almost achieved with an increase in plantation to 2.66 million by 2009, 101.23 million forests are taken under management and protection of forests. 621,500 workers associated with logging or other forest related activities and timber products in the supply chain get displaced (Qian and Liu 2014). New water conse rvation projects have undertaken in China to conserve its sea and marine resources. In 2016, new 20 conservation projects are undertaken by the government. 114.7 billion Yuan are invested in China. Among the 27 projects initiated in China 21 were designed for western and Central China. This implies the issue of sustainability for use of natural resources are not neglected in China. Argument Despite measures taken for a sustainable use of natural resources China still faces challenges in pursuing growth along with sustainable use of natural resources. There are inadequacies of existing strategies that fall short of in achieving sustainable development (chinadaily.com 2017). The problem of China is two folds. Availability of natural resource is low as compared to that in world average. The shares of fresh water, usable land, forest are 28.1%, 32.3% and 14.3% respectively of the world averages. Secondly, with a rapid population growth rate and excessive demand for natural resources are putting resource constraint for the economy. Legal system and traditional management model are incorporated for looking this issue. However, these arrangements contradict with market economy model. Administrative intervention in resource use creates results in inefficiency in resource allocation (Panayotou 2016). China should take proper sets of policies to maintain ecological balances and b rings a sustainable economic growth for nation.; Conclusion In the world of developing economies china is making remarkable improvement in achieving an economic growth. Along with economic growth China is successful in reducing is poverty rate. In fact, in the world average poverty reduction maximum contribution is made by China. Poverty reduction is supplemented with a rapid growth of manufacturing industry. The manufacturing sector generates huge employment opportunities. This helps to reduce unemployment and persistent poverty. The counter impact of manufacturing growth is on environment. The quality of environment degrades in China. Though steps are taken to address environmental issues there are still question on sustainability. The economic growth cannot be brought without using natural resources. In order to escape poverty, people shifts from rural to urban areas. The process of urbanization undertakes not only bare land but forest land as well. This creates pressure on forest resources and disturbs ecological balances. Sea and water r esources are also in danger. Industrial wastes are discharged to nearby rivers and finally mix with sea water hampering the marine lives. The incidence of water pollution and water shortage become very common in China. Measures have been taken to conserve the natural resources. However, there are inadequacies in these measure and hence fail to address the issue of sustainable development properly. References Europe.chinadaily.com.cn. (2017).China to start 20 new major water conservation projects in 2016|Green China|chinadaily.com.cn. [online] Available at: https://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-11/05/content_22379453.htm [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Ganiyusufoglu, .S., 2015.Chinese approaches to sustainable manufacturing. Universittsverlag der TU Berlin. Globalissues.org. (2017).Poverty Around The World Global Issues. [online] Available at: https://www.globalissues.org/article/4/poverty-around-the-world [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Huffington Post India. (2017).In 40 Years, Human Consumption Of Earth's Natural Resources Has More Than Tripled. [online] Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/natural-resource-use-tripled_us_57a05c3ae4b0693164c273a8 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Junjie Zhang, T. (2017).Is Environmentally Sustainable Economic Growth Possible in China?. [online] The Diplomat. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2013/01/is-environmentally-sustainable-economic-growth-possible-in-china/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Manufacturing Growth. (2017).China. [online] Available at: https://reports.weforum.org/manufacturing-growth/china/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Panayotou, T., 2016. Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, pp.140-148. Qian, Z.M. and Liu, X.C., 2014. CA study of regional differences and convergence of green economic efficiency in China.Journal of Xiamen University (Arts Social Sciences),1, pp.110-118. ScienceDaily. (2017).Goods manufactured in China not good for the environment, study finds. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150928153039.htm [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. UNEP. (2017).China Outpacing Rest of World in Natural Resource Use #UNEnvironment. [online] Available at: https://www.unep.org/newscentre/china-outpacing-rest-world-natural-resource-use [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Wang, Y.B., Wu, P.T., Zhao, X.N. and Engel, B.A., 2014. Virtual water flows of grain within China and its impact on water resource and grain security in 2010.Ecological engineering,69, pp.255-264. Yuan, Y.P. ed., 2016.New Energy and Sustainable Development: Proceedings of 2016 International Conference on New Energy and Sustainable Development (NESD 2016). World Scientific.

Matriarch by Veil of Maya free essay sample

Veil of Maya is a deathcore or djent band that have only released at least three albums so far. With 2012s Eclipse being one of the shortest full length albums I have ever heard of, and it isnt too bad either. Fast forward three years to Matriarch and now it seems they truly know what theyre doing and seem to show it as well. However, the full fledged review will be on in threetwoone. Matriarch is the bands third full length album album I believe and its one of those album that seems to go by really fast. I guess this is partially due to the incredibly short tracks and to the short length of the album its self. In fact the two shortest tracks are less than 2 minutes in length. Also, it seems as if they tried yo evolve into more of a Mathcore or metalcore based band because of the more frequent cleans on this album seeming reminiscent to bands like Protest the Hero, The Dillinger Escape Plan and As I Lay Dying. We will write a custom essay sample on Matriarch by Veil of Maya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the classic VoM sound is still there nonetheless. A quick scan of the titles and you might notice that alot of them are references to geek culture, particularly anime. For example, Aeris is a reference to Final Fantasy, Lucy is a reference to Fairy Tail, and Mikasa is a reference to Attack On Titan and Im sure Ive missed a few. I guess this explains the album cover, it looks like something made in Japan for sure. The music takes on many different forms and likes to morph as well, so you are less likely to get bored of this album. If you do then this probably isnt for you then. The album as a whole isnt too bad but it doesnt have much of the chaos you find in say Eclipse. It is an evolutionary state yes, but I dont feel it as well here. Or maybe deathcore just isnt my thing, one of the too. I give this a 7.5/10. I can sense potential within it which, for the most part, they did succeed, however there were some moments that just felt off. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

8 Summer Activities You Will Miss Out if You Dont Buy Argumentative Essay to Apply to University

8 Summer Activities You Will Miss Out if You Dont Buy Argumentative Essay to Apply to University 8 Summer Activities You Will Miss Out if You Dont Buy Argumentative Essay to Apply to University Writing an argumentative essay for your university application is going to involve time-consuming and tedious research, which may take you all summer to complete. If you need to turn in a paper for your application and you decide not to buy an argumentative essay, go ahead and cross the following summer fun off your to-do list. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cycling Tour Summer is a great time to ride and taking your bike out for a cruise, enjoying the scenery and getting some exercise is something you deserve after working hard all year to keep your grades up. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warm Evening Walks Taking a stroll on a warm summer evening is a rare pleasure. The smell of flowers closing for the evening, cool fresh evening air brushing past you as you walk, and relief from the heat of the day are what make a walk on a warm summer night so enjoyable. We are sure you would rather be doing this then writing an argumentative essay. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Surfing Great all year, but especially in summer when all your classmates are at the beach. But go ahead and put that out of your mind you have a paper to write, remember? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sun Bathing Yes, sun bathing. It requires the sun, and is best done in summer. You know the golden tan, enjoying time with friends at the poolside or beachside. Well, write a raincheck for this summer activity because you will be inside this summer cozying up with your argumentative essay. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spending Time Outdoors with Pets Fifi and Fido have already suffered quite a bit of neglect because you were so busy all school year, but they will have to wait a little longer for some love from you, maybe you will have some time after you graduate university? 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beach Party You know these only happen in the summer, right? And now that you have graduated from High School, how many opportunities will you have to party with your friends from High School before you all part ways to attend university? 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Romantic Dates Want a summer fling or some summer snuggles with your sweetie before you both head off to college? Forget about it. Your time is reserved this summer for writing an argumentative essay. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The County Fair Summer is the season for just about every county fair. There are the rides, the cotton candy, games and food booths. The county fair is an icon of the summer, and you attend every year. But this year you may not find the time because of a lengthy and involved paper you need to write. Why not enjoy your summer break? That is what a vacation is for, right. Securing help with writing your argumentative essay can save you time, stress and could save your summer vacation.

William C. Quantrill and the Lawrence Massacre

William C. Quantrill and the Lawrence Massacre William Clarke Quantrill was a Confederate captain during the American Civil War and was responsible for the Lawrence massacre, which was one of the worst and bloodiest events in the war. Quantrill was born in Ohio in 1837. He decided to become a schoolteacher as a young man and started his profession. However, he decided to leave Ohio to try and make more money for himself and his family. At this time, Kansas was deeply embroiled in violence between pro-slavery and free-soil proponents. He had grown up in a Unionist family, and he himself espoused Free Soil beliefs. He found it hard to make money in Kansas and, after returning home for a time, decided to quit his profession and sign up as a teamster from Fort Leavenworth. His mission in Leavenworth was to resupply the Federal Army embroiled in a fight against the Mormons in Utah. During this mission, he met numerous pro-slavery Southerners who deeply affected his beliefs. By the time he returned from his mission, he had become a staunch Southern supporter. He also found that he could make much more money through thievery. Thus, Quantrill began a much less legitimate career. When the Civil War began, he gathered a small band of men and began making profitable hit-and-run attacks against the Federal troops. Quantrill's Deeds Quantrill and his men staged numerous raids into Kansas during the early part of the Civil War. He was quickly labeled an outlaw by the Union for his attacks on pro-Union forces. He was involved in several skirmishes with Jayhawkers (pro-Union guerilla bands) and eventually was made a Captain in the Confederate Army. His attitude towards his role in the Civil War drastically changed in 1862 when the Commander of the Department of Missouri, Major General Henry W. Halleck ordered that guerrillas such as Quantrill and his men would be treated as robbers and murderers, not normal prisoners of war. Before this proclamation, Quantrill acted as if he were a normal soldier adhering to principals of accepting enemy surrender. After this, he gave an order to give no quarter. In 1863, Quantrill set his sights on Lawrence, Kansas which he said was full of Union sympathizers. Before the attack occurred, many female relatives of Quantrills Raiders were killed when a prison collapsed in Kansas City. The Union Commander was given the blame and this fanned the already fearsome flames of the Raiders. On August 21, 1863, Quantrill led his band of about 450 men into Lawrence, Kansas. They attacked this pro-Union stronghold killing over 150 men, few of them offering resistance. In addition, Quantrills Raiders burned and looted the town. In the North, this event became known as the Lawrence Massacre and was vilified as one of the worst events of the Civil War. The Motive Quantrill was either a Confederate patriot punishing northern sympathizers or a profiteer taking advantage of the war for his own and his mens benefit. The fact that his band did not kill any women or children would seem to point to the first explanation. However, the group did wantonly kill men who were most likely simple farmers many without any real connection to the Union. They also burned numerous buildings to the ground. The looting further suggests that Quantrill did not have purely ideological motives for attacking Lawrence. However, in response to this, many of the Raiders are said to have ridden through the streets of Lawrence yelling Osceola. This referred to an event in Osceola, Missouri where Federal Officer, James Henry Lane, had his men burn and loot both Loyal and Confederate sympathizers indiscriminately. Quantrill's Legacy as an Outlaw Quantrill was killed in 1865 during a raid in Kentucky. However, he quickly became a celebrated figure of the Civil War from the southern perspective. He was a hero to his supporters in Missouri, and his fame actually helped several other outlaw figures of the Old West. The James Brothers and the Youngers used the experienced they gained riding with Quantrill to help them rob banks and trains. Members of his Raiders gathered from 1888 to 1929 to recount their war efforts. Today there is a William Clarke Quantrill Society dedicated to the study of the Quantrill, his men and the border wars.

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

None - Essay Example Glass camera is a new concept in the market whereby a person wears the gadget on the face similar to a Smartphone. The glass camera fundamentally transforms all human interactions including getting driving directions, check mail, and even make calls. This hands-free gadget projects images onto a transparent screen suspended in front of the eyes. The gadget stimulates the inner eye through vibration, using this gadget is similar to being naked with a machine with synapses and wires combined. Glass camera is a head-mounted computer and it has a microphone, a camera, as a result seeing, and hearing what the person sees and hears. However, this gadget not meant for recording daily activities like other cameras is a smart device for alerting messages, answering questions, and provides driving directions. This gadget can take pictures without raising alarm because a person only needs to press the button on the side of the device and start instant recording. This glass has a processor although in the cloud, and accesses internet through an internal Wi-Fi. With the help of a Bluetooth, this gadget can share a person’s mobile data and a bone conduction transducer helps in receiving the sound. As a result, this is a credible gadget for any consumer especially on the road. Glass camera efficiently gives the driver directions without necessarily having to use both hands to get direct the information. In other words, this gadget may reduce road accidents caused by drivers searching for directions from other hands-on gadget. Technology is on the increase and Glass camera is not only flashy, but also classic. Everyone can use this gadget at the comfort of his or her homes or offices. The Glass camera may have a better advantage to people with poor vision. As a result, this gadget may become a head-mounted eye for this group of people. On the other hand, the gadget has many opportunities for scientific, industrial, and medical applications. It

Invasion of Normandy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Invasion of Normandy - Essay Example 1 The Normandy Invasion is regarded as the world’s greatest military operation, because it paved the way for the liberation of France, and the entry of the Allied forces into Europe. The paper attempts to discuss the reasons for this invasion, concerning the idea that the decision proved to be a worthy choice, since it led the Germans to surrender nearly 11 months, after the invasion. 2 One should understand that Normandy was chosen, because of its strategic location. The decision was not inevitable. It required careful planning. Since the Hundred Years War in Europe, Normandy had not seen any invasion. Therefore, there was no way the Germans could have expected an attack from this area, since there were no ports in the area. 3 The area for the invasion was chosen was between Cherbourg and Le Havre, and it was closest to the embarkation ports in England. It had highways, which led to Paris. The coast also offered the best landing places, and a nearby port, which the Allies had to seize. In fact, Normandy also proved to be close enough to ensure that fighter plans could be dispatched for aerial bombing, along with a coastal attack. 4 In that particular summer of 1944, six armies and millions of men fought and the place was transformed into a blood bath, until Hitler’s forces laid down their defense. Eventually, the road to Paris was cleared, and the Allied capture of France was complete. 5 While everyone knew that the Allies were to attack soon, so that they could have access to France, the question was the exact location of the attack. Therefore, the element of surprise was also one of the reasons, why Normandy was chosen. The Nazis were expected an attack near Calais, since the place had an access to a deep-water port.6 Hence, the plan was in such a way that the troops of each country in the Allied forces would capture hold of the beaches first, namely five beaches in Normandy and then move inland. Since the beaches had no harbors, they were to b e prepared artificially, and assembled at Arromanches in the British sector, and the other off Omaha Beach. Moreover, the Allies had maintained the surprise to such a large extent that very few Germans expected an invasion from Normandy, and the bad weather conditions had even put this idea out of the minds of those, who previously thought this was possible. 7 The alternative place, as mentioned above was the Calais, which offered a deep-port, but this was heavily occupied by German soldiers. However, the Allied Forces had learned from their mistakes quite well, since they had been defeated at Dieppe two years earlier, which was a heavily defended port. 8 Of course, the advantage of the Normandy Invasion, instead of the invasion of Calais is put forth by Liddell Hart, a military historian, who states that the purpose of strategy is â€Å"to diminish the possibility of resistance. The aim of strategy must be to bring about this battle under the most advantageous circumstances. And t he most advantageous the circumstances, the less, proportionately, will be the fighting†. 9 Nevertheless, a deceptive campaign also ensured that the Germans continued to maintain army forces at Calais. Another alternative included Brittany, which was dismissed quickly because, while it had excellent ports, it would have been easy for Germany to seal the Allied army on the Brittany peninsula. 10However, the rough areas of the beaches at Normandy could act as a deterrent, as well, since the area had cliffs on the edges of the water.

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay Example for Free

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay With reference to both religious and ethical views, explain the arguments for human surrogacy. [35] Surrogacy is when a woman carries a child on behalf of someone else. There are four broad types of surrogacy: partial, full, commercial and voluntary. Partial surrogacy occurs when the surrogate mother provides her egg which is fertilised either in vitro and placed through artificial insemination into the womb or she is artificially inseminated by the intended father’s sperm. Only in very rare cases would sexual intercourse take place. Full surrogacy occurs when the intended parents provide egg and sperm. In some cases a donor sperm/egg may be used. Commercial surrogacy refers to arrangements whereby a woman is contracted and paid to be a surrogate mother and to deliver a baby to the intended parents; in many countries this is illegal. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Surrogacy of any kind raises many religious and ethical issues. In examining reasons why people may be in favour of surrogacy, a good place to start is the Christian view. Surrogacy tends to be supported by liberal denominations such as the United Methodist Church in America. Surrogacy could be a way in which an infertile couple could fulfil the Biblical injunction to, â€Å"be fruitful and multiply.† Children can compete a marriage and are a gift from God. Surrogacy could be an act of immense compassion and selfless service, in line with the teaching of Jesus: â€Å"When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them,† Matthew 9:36. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Her motives could be out of love or charity or self-fulfilment. The story of Abraham and Hagar is a Biblical example of surrogacy, although it does not necessarily condone or promote the practice. Christian and secular utilitarians alike support surrogacy. Utilitarians believe that man has a natural desire to reproduce based in human biology. The Utilitarian wishes to maximise happiness and minimise the pain of infertility. Since successful surrogacy will bring an enormous amount of happiness. When considering issues such as infertility we must not look at it in impersonal, philosophical terms. It is a problem that can only be truly understood at human level. Those that have never suffered infertility will not know the true pain these theorists are in agreement with such treatments. In the case of an infertile couple the utilitarian will look at the options available and strive towards to goal of conception. To quote Laura Bush, â€Å"For those who deeply want children and are denied them, those missing babies hover like silent ephemeral shadows over their lives.† Proponents of situation ethics also would support surrogacy, depending on the circumstances. This theory is in favour of reproductive technology if it is the most loving course of action in the particular situation. It is not absolutist. This theory says that individual situations are different. This theory believes that there is only one underlying principle: you do whatever is the most loving thing to do in a situation. Ethical rules are secondary. In the circumstances of an infertile couple you take the line of action which will be the most loving thing for a couple in their unique circumstances. Furthermore, surrogacy is an issue of personal autonomy and reproductive freedom. To a large extent in the western world there has been a tradition of giving couples the freedom to make their own decisions about childbearing and childrearing. The family has historically been a place with a right to privacy and beyond the intervention of governments. To some extent this has changed with the introduction of artificial forms of reproduction e.g. IVF treatment. If a couple deeply desires children, it should not be the government’s role to tell them what they can and cannot do. It could be argued that parenthood is a human right, because according to the UNHRD: â€Å"Parents have the exclusive right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children.† Humans have personal sovereignty, which is to be free of the control or coercion of others. Therefore they should be allowed to make their own decisions about their families. After all, in most cases a surrogate child is a wanted child whose parents are prepared to go to extreme lengths to have them, suggesting that they will make very good parents. This alone could be enough to justify the practice. Surrogacy is generally supported within the homosexual community, because it enables same sex couples to become parents through the introduction of a third party. Ultimately, surrogacy causes us to rethink our views on family, marriage, sex and what makes a mother. Regardless of our views, we should be compassionate towards those suffering from the effects of infertility. You cannot understand their situation unless you have experienced it personally. To quote Elayne Boosler, â€Å"The Vatican is against surrogate mothers. Good thing they didnt have that rule when Jesus was born.†

10 Years After The Reovlution :: essays research papers

The so-called "Velvet revolution " ended the communist control of Czechoslovakia in late 1989. On November 17 the formal government allowed a demonstration, where people commemorated the 50th anniversary of a cruel suppression of a student demonstration in German-occupied Prague. However, history repeated itself and the students were brutally beaten by police. As a result a large protest movement developed. Demonstrations and strikes occurred across the whole country under the leadership of Obcanske forum, which was leaded by Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright and Charter 77 signer. Following the political turmoil he became the new president of Czechoslovakia. Ten years after the Velvet Revolution many political and social changes have occurred within the former Czechoslovakia. The first major change was the peaceful split of the country to form two separate states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia as we know it today. Following this split much of the former communist infrastructure was disbanded including many state run industries in an attempt to make them more efficient and encourage investment. Former communist legislation preventing the freedom of speech was also passed out of law allowing people to express their political views and criticize government policies. For many people these changes introduced a great improvement in their standard of living. A wide variety of goods soon appeared in privately run shops which previously had only been available in western shops. People were also allowed to travel freely, which had been banned under the communists to prevent the breeding of discontent when people saw what was available in other countries. The country also prospered following increase foreign investment as western companies keen to exploit new markets entered the country for example the takeover of Skoda by the German run Volkswagen. However, the Velvet revolution did have some negative effects. The rationalization of state run companies meant that many people were put out of work

Anna Historic and Ravensong

Ana Historic is a poetic novel about a woman named Annie who discovers Mrs. Richards, a woman of no history, in Vancouver’s civic archives. Annie becomes obsessed with the possibilities of Mrs. Richards’ life. The novel is written by Daphne Marlatt, a Canadian poet. Ravensong is a fictional novel about a seventeen year-old native girl who tries to bridge the gap between the traditional ways of her Native village and white society’s invasive new values. Ravensong is written by Lee Maracle, a First Nations writer and poet. Both of these novels have brought forth important issues pertaining to Women’s and Gender Studies such as colonialism, sexuality, fear of violence, and lesbianism. This paper will focus on the topic of sexuality and colonialism. These two novels have further educated me on many things. For example, after reading Ana Historic, I discovered that there are various narrative forms and styles other than traditional European models. Daphne Marlatt uses writing styles such as ecriture feminine; in which feminist writers â€Å"try to use their own bodies as a source for writing† (Sand 10) and gynesis, which is an â€Å"aesthetic strategy which puts gender, sexuality and maternity into public discourse† (Sand 10). I also learned how femininity is constructed in a white middle class environment through what is considered appropriate conduct for a woman (Sand 10). After reading Ravensong, I discovered that in traditional aboriginal culture, men never entered the house of single women without a man being present (Maracle 103). This novel has also taught me about the important role of Raven, the trickster who is used to dissolve the boundaries between Native and white culture (Sand 20). The novels are very different in terms of narrative styles, point-of-views, time periods, and how lesbianism and the role of nature play out in the story. Daphne Marlatt uses a postmodern narrative style, while Lee Maracle uses a combination of aboriginal and European narrative approaches. Ravensong is written from the point-of-view of a young native woman, whereas Ana Historic is written from the outlook of a white, middle-class woman. Lesbianism plays out differently in each novel. In Ana Hisotric, Annie slowly comes to terms with her sexuality and eventually realizes that she is a lesbian. In Ravensong, Stacey’s friends Rena and German Judy are a lesbian couple. The role of nature in Ravensong is indivisible from human life and landscape (Sand 20), where as in Ana Historic it is a place of comfort and cause of fear (Sand 20). Ravensong takes place in the 1950s and Ana Historic takes place mostly in the 1950s and 1870s (Mrs. Richards). Colonialism and sexuality are topics which are closely correlated. They are both about dominance, regulation, discourse and race. Sexuality is defined as the historical organization and regulation of desire and sexual practices into social identities that are constructed as if they emerge from nature (Sand 18). Daphne Marlatt and Lee Maracle deal with this subject in very different ways. In Ravensong, sexuality is associated with shame and suicide. In Ana historic, sexuality is associated with mothering and lesbianism. Colonialism is the extension of a nation’s sovereignty over territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settle colonies or creating administrative dependencies in which native or indigenous populations are directly ruled (Patel 8). Ravensong is written from the perspective of colonized people whereas Ana Historic is written from the standpoint of the colonizers. In the novel Ana Historic, Ina’s mothering impacts Annie’s perception of sexuality. Ina taught her daughters sexuality was something to be afraid of â€Å"you taught us your fear, you taught us what you knew about a world where even uncles were not to be trusted. you grew more afraid as our sexuality came budding to the fore†¦ † (Marlatt 34). Annie tries to write herself out of the patriarchal limitations of heterosexuality that have bounded her mother Ina to a life of domesticity. She does this by freeing herself from her role as supportive house wife and re-writing her relationship with Ina (Sand 10). Annie realizes that feminine behaviour is not actually something natural and inevitable but it is rather an unnatural social construction. Annie writes â€Å"†¦ you taught me the uneasy hole in myself and how to cover it up – cover girl, the great cover-story women inherit in fashion and makeup. You taught me how i was supposed to look, the feminine act† (Marlatt 61). Annie also recognizes â€Å"the inheritance of mothers† (Maralatt 60) that passes on sexual repression from generation to generation. For instance, Ina says to Annie, â€Å"what do you know about repression? you were hardly a virgin when you married, were you? I didn’t know the first thing about sex – your grandmother simply refused to discuss it, though i begged her† (Marlatt 60). Marlatt avoids heteronormativity which is a belief and a set of cultural/institutional practices that enforce heterosexuality as dominant, essential and natural (Sand 18), by creating a sexualized lesbian relationship between Annie and her friend Zoe. While creating a life for Mrs. Richards, Annie begins to realize that she is attracted to Zoe and she writes her into the story by creating a character named Birdie Stewart. Annie writes about the sexual desire she feels for Zoe in her imagined life of Mrs. Richards, â€Å"you turn intrigued, and your body turning in its long skirt, is caught in the act, you have caught yourself turning in Birdie’s eyes† (Marlatt 109). Annie’s inherent fear of sexuality surfaces in her imagined life for Mrs. Richard. Birdie recognizes Mrs. Richards fear of her own sexual identity, she says, â€Å"but you’re afraid my dear, afraid of your own twat† (Marlatt 135). She addresses her fear of lesbian sexuality when she says â€Å"You fear what you want. ’†¦ ‘am I right, my love? † (Marlatt 139). Mrs. Richards is suddenly rushed with desire, she admits the truth of it and feels it written across her face (Marlatt 139). Annie finally gives in to her sexual desire for Zoe and the novel ends with a climatic sexual poem. Annie’s lesbian sexuality surfaces as a result of the decolonization process Marlatt inscribes for Annie and Mrs. Richards (Sand 10). In her novel Narrative Deconstructions of Gender, Caroline Rosenthal defines sexual decolonization as a debate on whether â€Å"women are colonized by compulsory heterosexuality in ways only decolonizing strategies and the practice of critical consciousness can undo† (106). Marlatt deviates from the sexual oppression of middle-class white women by revisioning a lesbian life for Mrs. Richards. The problem of the intersection of women and the oppression of the indigenous briefly surfaces in Ana Historic. While Mrs. Richards is walking through the woods she comes across two Siwash men who are simply passing by. Where they drunk?†¦ Perhaps they were furious and meant to do her harm† (Marlatt 41). The assumptions that Mrs. Richards makes about these men are related to negative stereotypes such as the â€Å"drunken squaw† that colonizers created to justify taking over Native land (Anderson 229). In the beginning of the novel Ravensong, Stacey learns that one of her white classmates, Polly, committed suicide. Polly has killed herself in response to the shame she felt about being publicly identified as having been sexually active with another boy in Stacey’s class. Stacey becomes very angry with the reactions of some of her classmates to Polly’s â€Å"lack of chastity† (Maracle 28). â€Å"She couldn’t believe how small and mean they all were. So what if Polly had a little fun last night? Big deal! † (Maracle 28) Stacey does not understand the social disapproval of Polly because in her culture sexuality is seen with humour and is openly joked about. For example, Ella the village elder asks Stacey â€Å"What you going to save me for, have another baby? † The women respond with laughter saying â€Å"Sure, why not Ella. You probably still like trying. They were on a roll, ribbing Ella about her zeal for men† (Maracle 50). Raven pushes Stacey to come to grips with the loss of her classmate by guiding her to explore Polly’s culture and history. â€Å"Wander around Polly’s insides, feel your way through decades, generations of lostness† (Marlatt 39). In doing so Stacey discovers that white culture views sexuality very differently than her own culture. She realizes that Polly had a violent home life and that white town had no support for Polly’s mother. â€Å"In the end what struck her about Judy’s narrative was the lack of support in the white community for Polly’s mom. Where was the family in all this? † (Marlatt 81) Stacey is surprised by this because in her culture sexuality is natural, a part of everyday life. â€Å"People love, laugh and have babies† (Marlattt 71). In her thesis Rebelling against discourses of denial and destruction, Rachel Deutsch writes that â€Å"in European ideology, sexuality and sexual acts, especially involving women, were seen as deviant† (30). This ideology starts to influence Stacey to reject some aspects of her own culture such as the anger and disgust she feels towards her mother for wanting to remain sexual after the death of her husband. In Kim Anderson’s article, The construction of a Negative Identity, she states that colonizers created a negative sexual identity for Native women in order to justify â€Å"taking over Indian land† (229). The â€Å"dirty squaw† image made it easier to â€Å"cover up the reality of Native women who were merely struggling with the increasingly inhuman conditions on reserve† (Anderson 231). This negative sexual identity presents itself in the novel when Stacey talks about the racism she experiences at school. â€Å"A few of them hurled insults and racial epithets at her, whispered ‘cleutch’ as she passed them†¦ (Maracle 69). A cleutch refers to a Native female’s private parts. Colonialism first presents itself at the very beginning of the novel when Celia sees a tall ship approaching the village filled with men. In this moment, Celia feels the impending doom of colonialism on her people and culture. â€Å"Fear, cold and thin, wove itself into Celia’s self† (Maracle 10). Another instance of colonialism experienced by the village lies in the general indifference of white town towards the flu epidemic that takes many Native lives. Colonialism also surfaces in the relationship between Stacey and Steve, a white boy from her class. Colonialism led to the eradication and destruction of aboriginal cultures which assist in the explanation on why the doctors of white town were unwilling to treat the villagers. Stacey believes it is because their lives are deemed less valuable. â€Å"Under the shabby arguments about hospitals being full and doctors already overworked lay an unspoken assumption: white folks are more deserving†¦ † (Maracle 69). Stacey sees Steve and other white people as controlling oppressors. She resists white power (colonization) many times throughout the book. Stacey resists her teachers’ authority and she also resists Steve’s desire for her. â€Å"The slave had just given an order to the master, which made him an ex-master. Neither man knew what it was to be an ex-master, so both were confused and hurt† (Maracle 75). Her growing frustration for white town’s lack of compassion towards suffering villagers is obvious in her attitude towards Steve. Stacey can no longer stand the racism and she tells Steve exactly how she feels. She tells him that he will never know what her and her people have gone through and asks him â€Å"How did it feel to watch us die, Steve? † (Maracle 186). Steve leaves in shame and Stacey realizes that he was not for her. Ana Historic and Ravensong have taught me several things that I was unaware of before reading them. I have learned that there exists many different writing styles and narrative approaches such as ecriture feminine and gynesis used by Daphne Marlatt and the conventions of Native orature (Sand 20) used by Lee Maracle. I’ve learned how femininity is constructed in Ana Historic and about the important role that Raven plays in Ravensong. Marlatt and Maracle deal with colonialism and sexuality throughout the novel in a way which allows the reader to self-reflect on their own positions and understandings of these topics. Non-Native readers are removed from their usual hegemonic position by Stacey’s objectification of white town in Ravensong (Sand 20). Marlatt’s experimentation with language challenges the reader to both examine and interpret the world in a different way. What impacted me the most about Ana Historic is Daphne Marlatt’s theory and practice of fictionalysis which is a combination of fiction and analysis used as a means to explore self-identity. Marlatt starts with facts from her own life and from history and uses her imagination to create an intersecting territory where â€Å"fact and fiction co-exist† (Sand 10). I enjoyed how she used this style in Annie’s reconstruction of traditional history through the life she makes up for Mrs. Richards. The role that Raven plays in the novel is what impacted me most about Ravensong. Raven acknowledges the gulf between white town and the village and knows that it needs to be bridged in order to prevent further catastrophe. Raven brings the plague of the flu epidemic in attempt to expose white town to the diversity of the world and to teach them to work together. The inability of white town to grasp the lesson leads to the destruction of the indigenous community. Both novels bring important issues and concerns to women and gender studies and I really appreciate the different perspective that each novel has given me. Ana Historic and Ravensong have contributed important lessons, concepts and theories to this course.

Case Study Formal And Informal Assessments Education Essay

Formal and informal appraisals are two specific processs that instructors use to measure and rate their pupils. â€Å" Both formal and informal formative appraisals involve assemblage, interpretation, and moving on information † ( Ruiz-Primo & A ; Furtak,2004, p. 4 ) . Formal appraisals are standardised tests used by a province to reflect on peculiar class degree to mensurate a pupil ‘s academic abilities. These tests are administered in the same manner every clip with a clip limitation and instructions to how the test should be graded. In contrast, informal appraisals are exams or activities designed to specially reexamine or prove pupil ‘s cognition on a certain academic topic taught by their instructor. I will be discoursing the advantage and disadvantage for two different signifiers of formal appraisal and four types of informal appraisals methods. The two formal appraisals are norm-referenced and criterion-referenced. â€Å" Norm-referenced are standardised trials and are linked to bury single differences † ( Gargiulo, 2008, p.65 ) . This trial compares the pupil ‘s accomplishment to other pupils in the similar age group. Statistical method is used to find how the pupil did. For illustration foremost grade pupils were tested and the result is used in a statistical method. You would be able to see how each pupil ranked. For illustration, Jon scored at the fiftieth percentile among his category. There are advantages and disadvantages in utilizing norm referenced proving. One advantage to this method is it can find whether a pupil may necessitate particular services. For illustration, if the pupil scores less than standard norm for reading, they will have particular services to help them in this topic. Another advantage to this method is it allows parents to see how their kid ‘s academic consequences are compared to their equals. For illustration, Julie performs at 86 percentile in her category. This means that Julie performed better than 86 % from her schoolmates. As there are advantages, there are disadvantages. One disadvantage to this method is it consists of wide academic information and may non dwell of current schoolroom content. Another disadvantage is it does non to the full capture a pupil ‘s academic abilities on job resolution, determination devising, societal accomplishments, nor their ability elaborate on certain subject. In contrast, â€Å" Criterion-referenced trials are associated with intra single differences and can supply informations that is utile for instructional planning † ( Gargiulo, 2008, p.66 ) . For illustration, a math job is given to a pupil to see if the pupil is able to add two digit Numberss. The result is purely based on whether the pupil did or did non reply the job right. The first advantage to this trial is it can compare a pupils ‘ single public presentation from their old 1. For illustration, April ‘s current trial indicated her reading accomplishments have improved from last one-fourth. April ‘s consequences are non compared to how good she did among her schoolmates alternatively it compares to her single advancement. Another advantage to this trial it can help a instructor to calculate out each pupil ‘s academic strengths and failing. A instructor can steer and delegate extra aid in the countries where pupils need betterment. The ruin to this m ethod is it can non compare student academic public presentation to other schools or territories. For illustration, a instructor will non be able to compare her pupil ‘s success to other categories nor to other schools. Another disadvantage is making a valid test for pupils. Planing an test needs to run into specific criterions plus it ‘s clip devouring for instructors to work around their day-to-day duties. The followers are the four types of informal appraisals that can be used in a schoolroom which are an essay test, a schoolroom game, walk around method, and a multiple pick test. The first informal appraisal is an essay test. Essay tests are inquiries based on a certain lesson or subject where a pupil needs to supply a written reply. Depending on the test instructions pupils may merely necessitate to compose a twosome of paragraphs or several pages in length. The following are two advantages in utilizing an essay test to prove pupils. First, pupils have the chance to show their ideas and show their degree of comprehension on a certain inquiry. The 2nd advantage, pupils begin to build and analyse how to reply each inquiry. For illustration, the direction on the essay says to delight explicate the difference between a mammal and an amphibious. The pupil foremost needs to analyse the differences between the two species and so concept illustrations to lucubrate on the inquiry. An issue does stand for itself ; this type of method is clip devouring for both the pupil and instructor. The pupils need plentifulness of clip to reply and compose an essay and the instruc tor needs clip to measure and rate each paper. The 2nd disadvantage, instructors must be cognizant of their prejudices when composing a inquiry where pupils need to hold or differ on a certain subject. This disadvantage may acquire in the manner of rating documents accurately. A instructor needs to be cognizant of their prejudice and establish their scaling on the pupils response non if they agree or disagree with their pupil. Another informal manner to measure a pupil ‘s advancement is a schoolroom game. A Classroom game creates an chance for pupils to use their cognition and encourages them to larn. For illustration, the category is divided into four groups to play a game of Jeopardy. The game of Jeopardy consists of inquiries on a certain academic topic. An advantage to this method is it promotes concerted acquisition. Students are larning how to interact, collaborate, and work together with their equals to reply inquiries. Working together provides positive supports for pupils to develop societal accomplishments and trust among their squad members. Another advantage it motivates pupils to use their ain cognition and retain new information as they play the game. A game will maintain pupils watchful and encourages engagement which will take to larning. Since pupils are divided into groups non every pupil is take parting or join forcesing on every inquiry and this is downfall to this method. Even th ough each pupil has an chance to reply a inquiry, the group is judged as a whole non the single cognition to every inquiry but the 1s they answer. Another disadvantage to this method does non supply plenty feedback to a instructor to find which pupils needs extra aid in groking the current topic. The 3rd informal appraisal is the walk-around. This appraisal requires the instructor to interact with each pupil as they work together as a group or separately. The instructor is actively observant and helping pupils to remain on undertaking. The advantage to this method it allows the instructor to interact with pupils separately or as a group to reply any concerns or help them in understanding their assignment. The 2nd advantage is the 1 on one conference. â€Å" The instructor uses the 1 on one conference to speak to the pupils for five or ten proceedingss. This conference offers attending, and extra aid in instructions for pupils † ( Cole,1999, p.4 ) . This type of interaction physiques trust and improves the communicating between instructor and pupil. A downside to walk around appraisal is giving each pupil or groups the same sum of clip to reply inquiries or concerns. Since every pupil or groups have different inquiries, some may necessitate extra aid than others. This m ay do some behavior issues or detain some pupils in finishing their assignment. Another issue is doing certain every pupil understands the stuff or lending their work to their group. The instructor needs to give every pupil an chance to speak and show they understand the assignment. Last, the multiple-choice trial is another appraisal used in a schoolroom. Multiple pick trials consist of inquiries and a list of possible replies for each inquiry. An upside to this method pupils begin to entree their cognition and use it to every inquiry by extinguishing deceptive picks. This method is besides an advantage for instructors every bit good. The scaling is less clip devouring than other methods and easier to contract down where the pupils are holding troubles. A disadvantage for pupils is it may do them some confusion or defeat when the tests are ill written. Poor written exams consist of slippery options to take from, for case holding two possible replies. The 2nd disadvantage for pupils is non being able to understand a inquiry. This may take the pupils to think on replies they are non able to grok due to reading troubles or a hapless written test. This may take to inappropriate mark on the pupil ‘s advancement or cognition. In decision, both formal and informal appraisals consist of advantages and disadvantages that a instructor should see and understand before administering these appraisals. Appraisals are necessary to nail pupil ‘s academic strengths and failings. This allows a instructor to supply extra aid to pupils that are fighting. Without appraisals instructors will non be able to properly evaluate and assist pupils.

USS Ranger CV-4 World War II Aircraft Carrier

USS Ranger CV-4 World War II Aircraft Carrier USS Ranger (CV-4) Overview Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Drydock CompanyLaid Down: September 26, 1931Launched: February 25, 1933Commissioned: June 4, 1934Fate: Scrapped Specifications Displacement: 14,576 tonsLength: 730 ft.Beam: 109 ft., 5 in.Draft: 22 ft., 4.875 in.Propulsion: 6 Ãâ€" boilers, 2 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 2 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed: 29.3 knotsRange: 12,000 nautical miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,461 men Armament 8 Ãâ€" 5 in./25 cal anti-aircraft guns40 Ãâ€" .50 in. machine guns Aircraft 76-86 aircraft Design Development In the 1920s, the US Navy commenced the construction of its first three aircraft carriers. These efforts, which produced USS Langley (CV-1), USS Lexington (CV-2), and USS Saratoga (CV-3), all involved the conversion of existing hulls into carriers. As work on these ships progressed, the US Navy began designing its first purpose-built carrier. These efforts were constrained by the limits imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty which capped both the size of individual ships and the total tonnage. With the completion of Lexington and Saratoga, the US Navy had 69,000 tons remaining which could be assigned to aircraft carriers.   As such, the US Navy intended for the new design to displace 13,800 tons per ship so that five carriers could be constructed. Despite these intentions, only one ship of the new class would actually be built.    Dubbed USS Ranger (CV-4), the new carriers name hearkened back to the sloop of war commanded by Commodore John Paul Jones during the American Revolution. Laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company on September 26, 1931, the carriers initial design called for an unobstructed flight deck with no island and six funnels, three to side, that were hinged to fold horizontally during air operations. Aircraft were housed below on a semi-open hangar deck and brought to the flight deck via three elevators. Though smaller than Lexington and Saratoga, Rangers purpose-built design led to an aircraft capacity that was only marginally less than its predecessors. The carriers reduced size did present certain challenges as its narrow hull required the use of geared turbines for propulsion.   As work on Ranger progressed, alterations to the design occurred including the addition of an island superstructure on the starboard side of the flight deck. The ships defensive armament consisted of eight 5-inch guns and forty .50-inch machine guns. Sliding down the ways on February 25, 1933, Ranger was sponsored by First Lady Lou H. Hoover. Over the next year, work continued and the carrier was completed. Commissioned on June 4, 1934 at the Norfolk Navy Yard with Captain Arthur L. Bristol in command, Ranger commenced shakedown exercises off the Virginia Capes before beginning air operations on June 21. The first landing on the new carrier was conducted by Lieutenant Commander A.C. Davis flying a Vought SBU-1. Further training for Rangers air group was conducted in August. Interwar Years Later in August, Ranger departed on an extended shakedown cruise to South America which included port calls at Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo. Returning to Norfolk, VA, the carrier conducted operations locally before receiving orders for the Pacific in April 1935. Passing through the Panama Canal, Ranger arrived at San Diego, CA on the 15th. Remaining in the Pacific for the next four years, the carrier took part in fleet maneuvers and war games as far west as Hawaii and as far south as Callao, Peru while also experimenting with cold weather operations off Alaska. In January 1939, Ranger departed California and sailed for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to participate in winter fleet maneuvers. With the completion of these exercises, it steamed to Norfolk where it arrived in late April. Operating along the East Coast through the summer of 1939, Ranger was assigned to the Neutrality Patrol that fall following the outbreak of World War II in Europe. The initial responsibility of this force was to track warlike operations of combatant forces in the Western Hemisphere. Patrolling between Bermuda and Argentia, Newfoundland, Rangers seakeeping ability was found lacking as it proved difficult to conduct operations in heavy weather. This issue had been identified earlier and helped contribute to the design of the later Yorktown-class carriers. Continuing with the Neutrality Patrol through 1940, the carriers air group was one of the first to receive the new Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter that December. In In late 1941, Ranger was returning to Norfolk from a patrol to Port-of-Spain, Trinidad when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7. World War II Begins Departing Norfolk two weeks later, Ranger conducted a patrol of the South Atlantic before entering drydock in March 1942. Undergoing repairs, the carrier also received the new RCA CXAM-1 radar. Deemed too slow to keep up with newer carriers, such as USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6), in Pacific, Ranger remained in the Atlantic to support operations against Germany. With the completion of repairs, Ranger sailed on April 22 to deliver a force of sixty-eight P-40 Warhawks to Accra, Gold Coast. Returning to Quonset Point, RI in late May, the carrier conducted a patrol to Argentia before delivering a second cargo of P-40s to Accra in July. Both shipments of P-40s were destined for China where they were to serve with the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers). With the completion of this mission, Ranger operated off Norfolk before joining four new Sangamon-class escort carriers (Sangamon, Suwannee, Chenango, and Santee) at Bermuda. Operation Torch Leading this carrier force, Ranger provided air superiority for the Operation Torch landings in Vichy-ruled French Morocco in November 1942. Early on November 8, Ranger began launching aircraft from a position approximately 30 miles northwest of Casablanca. While F4F Wildcats strafed Vichy airfields, SBD Dauntless dive bombers struck at Vichy naval vessels. In three days of operations, Ranger launched 496 sorties which resulted in the destruction of around 85 enemy aircraft (15 in the air, approx. 70 on the ground), the sinking of the battleship Jean Bart, severe damage to the destroyer leader Albatros, and attacks on the cruiser Primaugut. With the fall of Casablanca to American forces on November 11, the carrier departed for Norfolk the next day. Arriving, Ranger underwent an overhaul from December 16, 1942 to February 7, 1943. With the Home Fleet Departing the yard, Ranger carried a load of P-40s to Africa for use by the 58th Fighter Group before spending much of the summer of 1943 conducting pilot training off the New England coast. Crossing the Atlantic in late August, the carrier joined the British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. Putting out on October 2 as part of Operation Leader, Ranger and a combined Anglo-American force moved towards Norway with the goal of attacking German shipping around Vestfjorden. Avoiding detection, Ranger began launching aircraft on October 4. Striking a short time later, the aircraft sank two merchant vessels in Bodo roadstead and damaged several more. Though located by three German aircraft, the carriers combat air patrol downed two and chased off the third. A second strike succeeded in sinking a freighter and a smaller coastal vessel. Returning to Scapa Flow, Ranger commenced patrols to Iceland with the British Second Battle Squadron. These continued until late November when the carrier detached and sailed for Boston, MA. Later Career Too slow to operate with the fast carrier forces in the Pacific, Ranger was designated as a training carrier and ordered to operate out of Quonset Point on January 3, 1944. These duties were interrupted in April when it transported a cargo of P-38 Lightning to Casablanca. While in Morocco, it embarked several damaged aircraft as well as numerous passengers for transport to New York. After arriving in New York, Ranger steamed to Norfolk for an overhaul. Though Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King favored a massive overhaul to bring the carrier on par with its contemporaries, he was discouraged in following through by his staff who pointed out that the project would draw resources away from new construction. As a result, the project was limited to strengthening the flight deck, installation of new catapults, and improving the ships radar systems. With the completion of the overhaul, Ranger sailed for San Diego where it embarked Night Fighting Squadron 102 before pressing on to Pearl Harbor. From August to October, it conducted night carrier flight training operations in Hawaiian waters before returning to California to serve as a training carrier. Operating from San Diego, Ranger spent the remainder of the war training naval aviators off the California coast. With the end of the war in September, it transited the Panama Canal and made stops at New Orleans, LA, Pensacola, FL, and Norfolk before reaching the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on November 19. After a brief overhaul, Ranger resumed operations on the East Coast until being decommissioned on October 18, 1946. The carrier was sold for scrap the following January. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Ranger (CV-4)Air Group 4: USS RangerMilitary Factory: USS Ranger (CV-4)

How to Write a Book Report A Proven Step-by-Step Instruction

How to Write a Book Report A Proven Step-by-Step Instruction Writing a book report is a relatively easy assignment. This type of writing is believed to be common for K-12 students and is more of a technical assignment requiring narration and summing up of book contents. Book reports don’t usually require in-depth analysis and serve primarily to hone students’ writing skills and help them learn to structure information properly. Book report format consists of three major elements: introduction, body, and conclusion. TOP 25 BOOK REPORT IDEAS The next step is to provide in-depth analysis of the characters, plot, themes, motives etc. Generally, if you come up with a book report while you were asked for a book review, you’re in trouble and your grade is very likely to go down. The opposite situation is less harmful, however still undesirable. Therefore you need to pay close attention to what you are required to write and stick to the assignment criteria if you want to succeed. To demonstrate how to write a book report, let’s take some simple piece of writing and prepare a book report based on our easy 10 step book report template. For greater convenience, let’s try to write a book report based on the short story â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† by O’Henry. Book Report Outline: Sample Book Report What is the title of the book? Who is the author of the book? When was the book written? Who was it published by? What kind of literature is it? The â€Å"Gift of the Magi† is a short story by O’Henry that was first published on December 10, 1906, in the New York Sunday World Magazine. The short story was written when O’Henry’s popularity was at its peak, and despite its literary shortcomings, has enjoyed long literary life for more than a century. Characters The two main characters in this story are Jim and Della, a young married couple, who is going through times of financial difficulty. Brief Plot Summary The story unfolds on the day before Christmas and we find both spouses wanting to make Christmas gifts to each other, but being unable to afford them. Della has gorgeous hair and decides to cut and sell it in order to buy Jim a chain that he could use for his pocket watch. Jim too, looking for a way to buy a Christmas gift for his beloved wife, decides to sell his watch and buy Della a set of hair combs. Jim and Della learn that both had to sacrifice their most precious belongings. O’Henry compares them to the Magi, who put each other’s interests higher than their own, making sacrifices in the name of their loved ones. Themes The main themes of this short story are love, sacrifice, money. This is a short book report sample that shows how to write a book report. It might differ depending on your school and your professor. If you have a model book report and you need help with it, we will happily help you to work through it. is available 24/7 for all customer inquiries. Just place an order right now and we will gladly help you.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 41

Reflection - Essay Example In addition, there are various factors cited as limitations to interactional activities within the document. One of the limitation is learners are usually subjected to a scenario where they are engaged with inputs through complicated dimension of language. There are also various dimensions of interaction pointed and elaborated within the document; one of these dimensions is associated with the fact that interact has been perceived as an ideational activity: This entails that there are certain mental awareness that may exist among individuals, thus shaping the manner through, which they think on issues ascribed to the social and physical environment. Another fundamental issue covered within the document is impact of language on teaching. The document asserts that, indeed there are various impacts of language on teaching. One of the impacts is that language enables teachers and tutors to direct and provide appropriate guidance to their students. Consequently, there are micro-strategies that can used to facilitate interaction learning; one of these strategies is holiday shopping, which basically entails facilitated decision-making process among

Health causes of stress Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health causes of stress - Annotated Bibliography Example udying in detail different kinds of healthy stressors from various perspectives, and in supporting our hypothesis that healthy stressors are in a way useful for human body. The authors, researchers at the Biological Psychiatry Branch, Bethesda, used data to study the effects of healthy stressors by analyzing the happy and sad responses by 11 healthy women when they were made to recall happy and sad occurrences in their lives. The participants were scanned by using PET and H2(15)O. Although the number of participants was limited, the results they found correlated with their hypothesis that healthy causes of stress produced significant changes in their brain regions which defined their emotional state. These changes included great reductions in cortical rCBF, right prefrontal and bilateral temporal-parietal regions. This research will be helpful in demonstrating how healthy stressors affect the brain activity and what regions of brain undergo changes during the course of remembering and undergoing positive causes of stress. The author of this article has very successfully provided some very good information regarding stress management with special focus on positive stressors. He has listed some examples of healthy causes of stress like marriage, job interview, starting college, childbirth, and buying a large ticket item. The author has raised an important point that it is our perception of stress that makes a stressor a good or a bad one. Changing our perception can convert a bad stressor into a positive one. The author gives the example of losing a job which might seem as a disaster but it may be perceived as a healthy stressor when one thinks about other opportunities. The article is well organized, easy to understand, and considerable detail has been given describing each positive stressor, which will be quite helpful in conducting our research. In this periodical, the author has emphasized upon the importance of healthy stressors and states that a little

Human behavior- ch 10 reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human behavior- ch 10 reflection - Assignment Example 299). Somehow, this particular thought or idea made me think of some possible reasons why human behavior is more of a social function rather than a psychological process. Through the use of effective communication skills, Mead explained that the active participation of each person within a social structure is merely an instrument to know more about the personal experiences and conduct of each individual (p. 301). In line with this, Mead’s theory on social psychology is heavily based on ‘social behaviorism’. It simply means that the ‘inner experiences’ of each individual significantly affects their behavior or action (p. 301). Often times, cultural practices or patterns can be observed within a given social structure. For this reason, I strongly agree and support the theory of Mead such that the way each person would interact with other human beings can affect not only their unique personal experiences in life but also how they manage to develop a set of attitude and behavior. It is not every day that all people can get a positive feeling or experience when they communicate with other people. For this reason, not everybody can develop a strong positive relationship with other people. This is true because people who have gone through harsh or negative experiences in life can unconsciously develop negative feelings such as hatred or anger. Eventually, feelings of hatred or anger can indirectly affect the way a person would behave with other people. deeply rooted in social process and structure (p. 299). As a result of day-to-day experiences in life, each person is able to feel and act in response to their personal experiences with other people. Aside from molding how a person would behave in public, the quality of social interaction an individual will have with another person or a group of people can also shape how they will perceive or view themselves as a person (p. 301). In my day-to-day living, I am exposed to a large group of

A Case Study of Change: Obesity

A Case Study of Change: Obesity Obesity in primary care has become an increasingly common problem. Like any other medical condition overweight and obese patients should have access to appropriate treatment and care using a delicate, understanding and non-judgemental approach. Weight loss in primary care is of interest for the purposes of improving a persons quality of life. During the study the author will explore the prevalence of obesity using the geographical trust region with a population of 158,000 (Office of National Statistics (ONS) 2007) in comparison with the town centre based practice where the author works as a trainee nurse practitioner. The practice has a mixed socioeconomic, predominately (95.53%) White British population of 15, 186 (Annual Public Health Report 2008). Local authority with in which the author works has been ranked as 49th most deprived out of the 354 local authorities in England in 2007 in the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 (IMD 2007). Although obesity is increasing at the same rat e in all social classes, the prevalence of obesity is higher in lower socio-economic groups, particularly in women (Henderson and Gregory 2002). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) developed guidelines on identifying and treating obesity in 2006 following on from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN 1996), this in turn along with Primary care service Framework 2007 has lead to Health Care Professionals looking at ways to gain the background knowledge, provide and implement a service to deliver integrated obesity management enabling patients to change their eating and activity habits and motivate obese individuals to lose weight, maintain weight lose and increase fitness in accordance with the White paper (2004). It is also thought that additional training in behavioural counselling maybe vital when assessing a patients readiness to accept change (Drummond 2000). Individuals who are not emotionally ready to tackle the issue of lifestyle changes are more likely to fail. Dealing with obesity in the practice setting can be achieved by setting up specific lifestyle clinics dedicated to offering support and advice to patients who wish to lose weight or maintain a healthier lifestyle looking specifically at behaviour change. This clinic can run alongside or in conjunction with existing chronic disease and routine Health check clinics with self referral or healthcare professional referal. By helping the patient look at how unhealthy behaviours can be an element of their lifestyle and daily choices (see table 1) it is possible to suggest ways in which to change in a mutually agreed plan of care. Awareness and knowledge of what change is required and why, are fundamental first steps in enabling change to occur. Motivation is an essential part of nearly everything we do. Regular reviews can provide motivation and change behaviour through incentives and penalties. Personal factors, such as individuals self motivation, drive and desire to improve their appearance and health are also important. Target and objectives can influence how much people want to change but their priorities and commitments may also obstruct their ability to change. Change to clinical practice can only be successful if the reasons for introducing the change are clear, compatible with current practice and ideas and the process is planned carefully in advance (Davis1999). Change theories share common factors. To ascertain behavioural change, according to these theories, patients need the desire to make a change, have the ability to make the change, believe that they will have a better quality of life if they make the change, believe that the change is right for them, and discover how and when to make changes. Obesity management needs an integrated approach involving a multi-disciplinary team of Healthcare Professionals. General Practice is an ideal starting point to influence and initiate management strategies. Healthcare professionals need better training and access to management programmes that include dietary advice, physical activity and behavioural change if they are to initiate the policy effectively. For the programme to succeed the patient needs to be the central component. Obesity does not lend itself to the classical medical model where the condition is diagnosed, treatment prescribed and then the professional responsible for the outcome. It is ultimately the patient who is in control over their decision to proceed and succeed. Weight lose/maintenance is not easy for obese/overweight patients, many of whom have already tried and failed in controlling their weight. It is the role of the primary care team to support and encourage weight management and lifestyle change. In an attem pt to achieve these changes in behaviour management are vital. Eating and physical activity are human behaviours which can be modified even though they are predisposed by a complicated set of factors. If in practice the overweight/obese patient was identified and advised of the fact, they simply wouldnt care. Consultation with the patient and establishing if they recognise they have a weight problem using a sensitive and respectful manner is the first essential step to change. It is then possible to produce a plan of action involving providing information and eliciting the patients views about their weight as well as details about their weight history and any previous attempts at weight loss. The early stages of consultation are about building a rapport with the patient through active listening. Communications skills are essential to implement a behavioural approach effectively (NICE 2007). Professionals should also have the ability to express consideration, build self-belief and provide clear, structured and relevant information. Raising the issue of lifestyle changes can be extremely difficult to talk about as the patient may feel uncomfortable and they may feel responsible. This could have a negative effect on the patient-professional relationship (Drummond 2000). As a professional it can be maintained that we have a duty of care to discuss the importance of a behavioural approach in managing obesity and its practical application in helping overweight patients achieve and maintain behavioural changes. Pearson 2003 suggests that ‘linking weight to a current health concern is often an appropriate way to introduce weight management issues. Advice should be individualised to condition and patient. By providing the patient with the appropriate information to help them make informed decisions about their health behaviour is part of the professional role. By individualising programmes to assist/support patients in changing their lifestyle for good can give them the incentive to lose some weight or prevent further weight gain. There is always the risk at this point that the patient will abandon the change process altogether. Behaviour change theory examines the difference between models of behaviour and theories of change (Darnton 2008). Models of behaviour identify us with specific behaviours, by pointing out the underlying factors which influence them. By contrast, theories of change illustrate behaviour change over time. The theories are complementary to each other; understanding both is essential in order to improve successful advances in behaviour change. Numerous models can be incorporated together to assist in understanding the reasons for our behaviour and how they interrelate but also help us work out the relationships between the reasons to allow us to envisage the behavioural outcomes. Tim Jackson writes ‘models reveal factors where policy can work (Jackson 2005). Models essentially recommend a feature menu for policy makers to choose from making no one model the perfect model but giving the policy maker choice and flexibility to use several different models. Social-psychologist Kurt Lewins Change Theory (1951) involves group work to change habitual behaviours, using an unfreezing, restructure, refreezing guide in which habitual behaviours (attitudes, values and behaviours) are studied by the group and reorganised, before being reintegrated back into everyday routines (Coghlan and Brannick, 2003; Coghlan and Claus, 2005; Lewin, 1951). Lewins work on change has provided the basis for many later advances in change theories (Lewin 1951). Lewins change theory will be the basic model for the proposed change in practice. Lewins early research entailed changing the patterns of diet in America and is therefore particularly relevant to issues, such as obesity, that we face today. Lewin concluded ‘that we are likely to modify our own behaviour when we participate in problem analysis and solution and more likely to carry out decisions we helped to make (Lewin 1951). Unfreezing is a reflective process that involves unlearning without removing own uniqueness and difficult relearning and restructuring of thoughts, awareness, beliefs and way of thinking. In the planning process of change this critical starting point for change can be overlooked. Three pre-conditions simultaneously need to be satisfied for current patterns of behaviour to unfreeze. Firstly ‘disconfirming information which involves disproving a theory. Secondly Lewin (1951) suggested creating ‘guilt or survival anxiety, getting patients to accept behaviour is incorrect but this destructs self-esteem and identity. The third pre-condition was that disconfirming information could also create what he termed ‘learning anxiety. This creates a sense of weakness, a feeling that change cant be initiated due to being unable to learn quickly enough to enable a move into a new situation and adapting inadequately often looks more acceptable than risking failure in the learning pr ocess. Overcoming learning anxiety is probably the hardest and most critical element in unfreezing. Unfreezing is the most significant and complicated part of any change process, and also the most difficult to achieve as self-esteem and identity securely control people. Yet achieving this is not the end but a gateway to the next level Lewins (1951) next stage, ‘restructuring, also had three elements beginning with reorganising thinking. He called this ‘cognitive redefinition and it is at the heart of much of todays ‘systemic thinking (Senge 1990). Albert Einstein quoted ‘the significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them. It is therefore essential to meet and communicate with others to look at the same problem in different ways. Lewin (1951) then suggested ‘managed learning. ‘Imitation or identification is the simplest way of learning in this situation. Learning by copying those we respect and trust. This process is very evident today in standard setting and peer-based learning. Lewin (1951) suggested learning in this way to be shallow and superficial; seen as an easy alternative in a difficult situation as it is a case of doing what has been advised without really understanding the implications of why it is being done. Kurt Lewin (1951) therefore favoured a different means of learning that he called ‘scanning. This meant seeking alternative sources of information including reading, travel and conversation with people from different backgrounds in order to obtain an accurate understanding of your own situation and adapt accordingly. The problem he saw with peer approaches was that if nobody had research a subject in detail data was incomplete. And if the new behaviour isnt correct for the behaviour and understanding of the learner then it becomes ‘disconfirming. The final element of Lewins model (1951) is ‘refreezing: making things stick. What he found was that working with ‘gatekeepers, collectively, through ‘scanning rather than ‘identification creates change that sticks and becomes eventually refrozen into the new norm. Lewin offers a basis for change within an ever changing environment. Health Belief Model Janz and Becker 1984 was influenced by Kurt Lewins theories (1951) which state that perceptions of reality, rather than objective reality, influence behaviour. For an obese patient to perceive the effects their weight has on their lifestyle they need to be able to admit they have a weight problem. The stages of change model Prochaska and Diclemente 1984 describes change as a process, broken down into a series of stages through which individuals progress, dependent on the degree of interest in the desired outcome of the individual. The concept of change is that the patient considers the consequences of actions for changing behaviour, what their desired outcome is and which results in a contract to make change. Changing habits happens gradually and often people will need to go through stages of the cycle many times before they achieve lasting change. Gottlieb 2004 suggested that the stages of change model conceived that everyone is on a journey of change, beginning with limited knowledge and progressing through numerous stages to achieve change. ‘Societal models are also important to those developing policies and change as often it is necessary to work on the background factors limiting behavioural options directly. Enabling change is not just about changing a persons perception of these material factors (e.g. cost). The Main Determinants of Health model (Dahlgren and Whitehead 1991) needs to be incorporated into obesity management and is a good ‘Societal model. The model shows the individuals behaviour as one element, beneath four other ‘tiers of influencing factors including social and economic factors, cultural factors, environmental factors and also the services that are available locally. Since Lewins field theory (1951), theoretical approaches to change have recommended developing theory through practice. Piloting and evaluation, followed by figuring learning back in, are the final stages in a process of intervention development which can be characterised as learning through doing. Guidance on policy development needs to be clear; however, it must also be flexible to different frameworks. Evaluation of any policy is undoubtedly important. Obesity as we have seen is measured in many different ways. Evaluations should measure change in the intended behaviour among the consultation group, as well as the effect on the key influencing factors. Process evaluation concentrates on how a program is put into practice rather than the outcome. It asks how services are delivered, differences between the intended population and the population served, how programmes are accessed and managed. It aims to provide an explanation of how or why proposed outcomes of the project were (or were not) met. Information from process evaluations can be used to decide future action, looking at whether a program should be abandon and a new plan of action devised , revise the current program (or components of it) to improve delivery, or how best to deliver it. This type of evaluation may also provide understanding about a programmes cultural, socio-political, legal and economic contexts that affect i mplementation Impact evaluation measures overall achievements; it is interested with the direct result of a program when it is finished. It should include a way of measuring unintended effects of a program, as well as the individuals targeted by the programme. Outcome Evaluation measures program goals and is concerned with longer term benefits of the program among the targeted population, and by how much. Monitoring of outcome is useful and necessary to determine whether outcomes were achieved within a specified timescale (Health Promotion, 2002), whereas evaluation attributes the changes observed to the intervention tested The models and theories used to underpin the intervention may then be reassessed in the framework of the target behaviour, and understanding of the behaviour itself assist in progression to the closing phase of the cycle in which learning from the evaluation is fed back into the policy process. As part of the evaluation process, the appropriateness of the behavioural models used in the intervention should be assessed. Evaluation findings should update the development of the intervention itself and future interventions in similar policy areas. Audit is a technique that can be used to monitor then maintain or improve the quality of care and services provided. It is the method used ‘to assess, evaluate and improve the care of patients in a systematic way, to enhance their health and quality of life (Irvine 1991) Structural audits are undertaken in relation to what resources there are available, suitability and access to the clinics, access to continued support either 1:1, self-help, buddying up with others, web based support or group and also the staff available to run the clinic looking at skill mix. Process audits focus on what was done to a patient, where clinical protocols and guidelines followed and did they work in practice. The audit may look at how an individual or the team operate, looking at waiting times from referral, patient recall for review, management plans, record keeping, communication between the patient and staff. Outcome audits relate to the impact of the team or services provided on the patient. This could be achieved through patient satisfaction questionnaires provided at the start of the intervention, part way through and on reaching target. Has there been an impact on their lifestyle and if so was this a positive experience or has it had a negative effect on their lives. Clinical audit gives valuable insight into how effective a service is being provided by systematically collecting and analysing data on current practice. This allows the lifestyle team to become involved in assessing the effectiveness of their interventions. Clinical audit can help identify areas of behaviour and management which meet required standards, identify area which could be improved, promote changes in problem areas, improve quality of patient care, develop Healthcare Professional skills, give direction for the most effective use of resources and evaluating how successfully changes have been implemented. Audit is also an important part of clinical governance, there to encourage the continual monitoring and improvement of healthcare services. When designing an audit many factors need to be considered (see table 2) A fixed date of 6 months would be agreed from the start for the collection of data and interpretation of the results initially but then audit would continue as long as needed to provide information to continue improving the service. Cost effectiveness also needs to be evaluated. Cost-effective analysis compares the cost-benefit ratio for one intervention against an alternative intervention. Benefits maybe expressed as patient-orientated health outcomes such as quality of life. The economic impact of lifestyle change maybe assessed in terms of direct costs, indirect costs and intangible costs. Direct costs arise from the use of health care resources and if the direct cost of providing treatment is lower than the direct cost of illness, the treatment is cost-saving for the health care system. Indirect costs look at the cost of illness to the economy. The broader costs to society and the economy from weight problems already cost the wider economy in the region of  £16 billion, and is set to rise to  £50 billion per year by 2050 if left unchecked (Department of Health 2009). Intangible costs are monetary values attached to the physical or psychological effects of illness, such as joint and back pain, breathlessness, varicose veins and gallbladder problems. Obesity is estimated to cost the National Health Service approximately  £4.2 billion (Department of Health 2009). Simple activities like getting around can be problematic for an obese individual (Drummond 2000). Quality of life for an obese person is thought to be less than optimal and this can lead to psychological problems. Intangible costs of illness maybe compared with the intangible costs of treatment, such as surgery.